53 research outputs found
In situ Characterization of Nanoparticles Using Rayleigh Scattering
We report a theoretical analysis showing that Rayleigh scattering could be
used to monitor the growth of nanoparticles under arc discharge conditions. We
compute the Rayleigh scattering cross sections of the nanoparticles by
combining light scattering theory for gas-particle mixtures with calculations
of the dynamic electronic polarizability of the nanoparticles. We find that the
resolution of the Rayleigh scattering probe is adequate to detect nanoparticles
as small as C60 at the expected concentrations of synthesis conditions in the
arc periphery. Larger asymmetric nanoparticles would yield brighter signals,
making possible to follow the evolution of the growing nanoparticle population
from the evolution of the scattered intensity. Observable spectral features
include characteristic resonant behaviour, shape-dependent depolarization
ratio, and mass-dependent line shape. Direct observation of nanoparticles in
the early stages of growth with unobtrusive laser probes should give insight on
the particle formation mechanisms and may lead to better-controlled synthesis
protocols
On how good DFT exchange-correlation functionals are for H bonds in small water clusters: Benchmarks approaching the complete basis set limit
The ability of several density-functional theory (DFT) exchange-correlation
functionals to describe hydrogen bonds in small water clusters (dimer to
pentamer) in their global minimum energy structures is evaluated with reference
to second order Moeller Plesset perturbation theory (MP2). Errors from basis
set incompleteness have been minimized in both the MP2 reference data and the
DFT calculations, thus enabling a consistent systematic evaluation of the true
performance of the tested functionals. Among all the functionals considered,
the hybrid X3LYP and PBE0 functionals offer the best performance and among the
non-hybrid GGA functionals mPWLYP and PBE1W perform the best. The popular BLYP
and B3LYP functionals consistently underbind and PBE and PW91 display rather
variable performance with cluster size.Comment: 9 pages including 4 figures; related publications can be found at
http://www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th/th.htm
Coupled cluster benchmarks of water monomers and dimers extracted from DFT liquid water: the importance of monomer deformations
To understand the performance of popular density-functional theory (DFT)
exchange-correlation (xc) functionals in simulations of liquid water, water
monomers and dimers were extracted from a PBE simulation of liquid water and
examined with coupled cluster with single and double excitations plus a
perturbative correction for connected triples [CCSD(T)]. CCSD(T) reveals that
most of the dimers are unbound compared to two gas phase equilibrium water
monomers, largely because monomers within the liquid have distorted geometries.
Of the three xc functionals tested, PBE and BLYP systematically underestimate
the cost of the monomer deformations and consequently predict too large
dissociation energies between monomers within the dimers. This is in marked
contrast to how these functionals perform for an equilibrium water dimer and
other small water clusters in the gas phase, which only have moderately
deformed monomers. PBE0 reproduces the CCSD(T) monomer deformation energies
very well and consequently the dimer dissociation energies much more accurately
than PBE and BLYP. Although this study is limited to water monomers and dimers,
the results reported here may provide an explanation for the overstructured
radial distribution functions routinely observed in BLYP and PBE simulations of
liquid water and are of relevance to water in other phases and to other
associated molecular liquids.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, Submitted to Journal of Chemical Physics,
Related information can be found in http://www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/th
Preparation, characterization and in-vitro evaluation of sustained release protein-loaded nanoparticles based on biodegradable polymers
Controlled drug delivery technology of proteins/peptides from biodegradable nanoparticles has emerged as one of the eminent areas to overcome formulation associated problems of the macromolecules. The purpose of the present investigation was to develop protein-loaded nanoparticles using biodegradable polymer poly l-lactide-co-glycolidic acid (PLGA) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein. Despite many studies available with PLGA-based protein-loaded nanoparticles, production know-how, process parameters, protein loading, duration of protein release, narrowing polydispersity of particles have not been investigated enough to scale up manufacturing of protein-loaded nanoparticles in formulations. Different process parameters such as protein/polymer ratio, homogenizing speed during emulsifications, particle surface morphology and surface charges, particle size analysis and in-vitro protein release were investigated. The in-vitro protein release study suggests that release profile of BSA from nanoparticles could be modulated by changing protein-polymer ratios and/or by varying homogenizing speed during multiple-emulsion preparation technique. The formulation prepared with protein-polymer ratio of 1:60 at 17,500 rpm gave maximum protein-loading, minimum polydispersion with maximally sustained protein release pattern, among the prepared formulations. Decreased (10,000 rpm) or enhanced (24,000 rpm) homogenizing speeds resulted in increased polydispersion with larger particles having no better protein-loading and -release profiles in the present study
Development of biodegradable polymer based tamoxifen citrate loaded nanoparticles and effect of some manufacturing process parameters on them: a physicochemical and in-vitro evaluation
The aim of the present study was to develop nanoparticles of tamoxifen citrate, a non-steroidal antiestrogenic drug used for the treatment of breast cancer. Biodegradable poly (D, L- lactide-co-glycolide)-85:15 (PLGA) was used to develop nanoparticles of tamoxifen citrate by multiple emulsification (w/o/w) and solvent evaporation technique. Drug-polymer ratio, polyvinyl alcohol concentrations, and homogenizing speeds were varied at different stages of preparation to optimize the desired size and release profile of drug. The characterization of particle morphology and shape was performed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and particle size distribution patterns were studied by direct light scattering method using zeta sizer. In vitro drug release study showed that release profile of tamoxifen from biodegradable nanoparticles varied due to the change in speed of centrifugation for separation. Drug loading efficiency varied from 18.60% to 71.98%. The FE-SEM study showed that biodegradable nanoparticles were smooth and spherical in shape. The stability studies of tamoxifen citrate in the experimental nanoparticles showed the structural integrity of tamoxifen citrate in PLGA nanoparticles up to 60°C in the tested temperatures. Nanoparticles containing tamoxifen citrate could be useful for the controlled delivery of the drug for a prolonged period
Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces in ice at ambient and high pressures
The first principles approaches, density functional theory (DFT) and quantum
Monte Carlo, have been used to examine the balance between van der Waals (vdW)
forces and hydrogen (H) bonding in ambient and high pressure phases of ice. At
higher pressure, the contribution to the lattice energy from vdW increases and
that from H bonding decreases, leading vdW to have a substantial effect on the
transition pressures between the crystalline ice phases. An important
consequence, likely to be of relevance to molecular crystals in general, is
that transition pressures obtained from DFT functionals which neglect vdW
forces are greatly overestimated.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett., 5 pages, 3 figure
The Individual and Collective Effects of Exact Exchange and Dispersion Interactions on the Ab Initio Structure of Liquid Water
In this work, we report the results of a series of density functional theory
(DFT) based ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations of ambient liquid
water using a hierarchy of exchange-correlation (XC) functionals to investigate
the individual and collective effects of exact exchange (Exx), via the PBE0
hybrid functional, non-local vdW/dispersion interactions, via a fully
self-consistent density-dependent dispersion correction, and approximate
nuclear quantum effects (aNQE), via a 30 K increase in the simulation
temperature, on the microscopic structure of liquid water. Based on these AIMD
simulations, we found that the collective inclusion of Exx, vdW, and aNQE as
resulting from a large-scale AIMD simulation of (HO) at the
PBE0+vdW level of theory, significantly softens the structure of ambient liquid
water and yields an oxygen-oxygen structure factor, , and
corresponding oxygen-oxygen radial distribution function, , that
are now in quantitative agreement with the best available experimental data.
This level of agreement between simulation and experiment as demonstrated
herein originates from an increase in the relative population of water
molecules in the interstitial region between the first and second coordination
shells, a collective reorganization in the liquid phase which is facilitated by
a weakening of the hydrogen bond strength by the use of the PBE0 hybrid XC
functional, coupled with a relative stabilization of the resultant disordered
liquid water configurations by the inclusion of non-local vdW/dispersion
interactions
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